Anglo believe the main areas of concern are:
- Global Warming
- Loss of biodiversity through destruction of natural habitat
- Conservation of remaining crude oil reserves
- Reduction of toxic emissions
- Reduction of landfill
- Reduction in littering
Preventive action on many of these items can be conflicting.
Anglo's view is that the first two items are so profoundly irreversible and fundamental to our planet's health, that each individual, nation and the global community should prioritise points 1 & 2. Where positive action for 1 & 2 conflicts with 3-6 and others, 1 & 2 should prevail.
The challenge with the choice of packaging material is that there is no convenient answer, as the table below indicates:-
| Material | Environmental Advantages | Environmental Disadvantages |
|---|
Mineral Oil based Polythene eg HDPE and LDPE | - Low CO2 Emissions in production
- Compact: low CO2 emission in distribution
- Does not degrade: benign in landfill
- Does not emit methane in degradation
- Easily recycled
- Non Toxic combustion
- Long life for low material & energy input
- Very low bulk: insignificant in landfill
| - Dangerous in sea to porpoises, turtles, etc.
- Littering
|
Mineral Oil based Polythene with Degrading Additive | | - A recyclable material is lost for recycling
- If mixed, degrades quality of of other recyclates
- Embrittles into particles, does not bio degrade
- Long term effect of ingestion by organisms and animals unknown
- Not Ibaw Approved for composting
- Unsuitable for long term packaging or protection
|
| Paper | | - High CO2 emission to crop, harvest, pulp and Mill
- High CO2 emission in paper conversion to product
- Bulky & Heavy: high CO2 emission in distribution
- High additive content
|
| Organic (eg maize) based BioDegradable Polythene | - "Closed loop" CO2 Emission Chain
- Biodegrades
| - Natural habitat loss to crops
- Use of Agro Chemicals
- Use of crop competes with food
|
| Non Woven Fabric (PP) | - Can use recycled Materials
- Does not degrade: benign in landfill
- Does not emit methane in degradation
| - High CO2 in fabric manufacture
- High CO2 in conversion to prodcuct
- High CO2 in distribution: bulky
|
| Nylon | | - High CO2 in fabric manufacture
- High CO2 in conversion to product
- High CO2 in distribution: bulky
|
| Jute | - Biodegradable (except ldpe liner)
- Long lasting
| - Natural habitat loss to crops
- High CO2 in Cropping
- High CO2 in fabric manufacture
- High CO2 in conversion to product
- High CO2 in distribution: bulky & heavy
|
| Cotton | - Biodegradable
- Long lasting
| - Natural habitat loss to crops
- Use of agrochemicals
- Requires Irrigation
- High CO2 in cropping
- High CO2 in fabric manufacture
- High CO2 in conversion to product
- High CO2 in distribution: bulky & heavy
|
We have found it extremely difficult to obtain objective academic Lifecycle Analysis and Energy Audits (i.e. the global warming contribution) for the different materials, and we have yet to find a material that has a clear-cut case in preference to others on the joint grounds of CO2 emission and biodiversity conservation.
It is possible that Bioplastic and Non Woven PP may come out well at some time in the future, but we still wait Life Cycle Analysis and Total Energy Audit.
For now, we advocate an approach of minimization and re-use of packaging in whatever form is appropriate for the contents and use.
The polythene products manufactured at the UK plant include recycled material, and we encourage polythene recycling. Anglo print the following notice in the base of these carrier bags:
| THIS BAG CONTAINS RECYCLED MATERIAL AND IS RECYCLABLE |
Some sources and Links:
The British Plastics FederationWaste WatchThe Industry Council for Packaging and the EnvironmentThe Carrier Bag ConsortiumPackaging NewsRecycle-MoreValpak has a
useful recycle bank locatorDepartment for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA)DEFRA's Waste and Recycling Website UK Government Environment AgencyRecycle PlasticThe Waste & Resources Action ProgrammeThe British Plastics FederationThe Chartered Institution of Wastes ManagementThe Composting AssociationConfederation of Paper IndustriesEnvironment Services AssociationActivities of the European Union, EnvironmentThe European Organization for Packaging and the EnvironmentFriends of the EarthFuture Energy SolutionsThe Packaging Federation